Viceroy of Nubia) as a son of Amenhotep II, as well as one Re; however, both are now known to be unrelated to the royal family. Amenhotep I was the son of Ahmose I and Ahmose-Nefertari.His elder brothers, the crown prince Ahmose Sapair and Ahmose-ankh, died before him, thus clearing the way for his ascension to the throne. Erik Hornung 'The Pharaoh' in Sergio Donadoni, Christiane Zivie-Coche "Foreign Gods in Egypt", UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, p 2, "Procès-verbal d'examin du corps du Pharaon Aménothès II", "Identifications of ancient Egyptian royal mummies from the 18th Dynasty reconsidered", "22 Ancient Pharaohs Have Been Carried Across Cairo in an Epic 'Golden Parade, Panorama view of the tomb of Amenhotep II, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amenhotep_II&oldid=1020137601, Pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 27 April 2021, at 11:35. Amun was the main god of the Egyptians. [9] This Amenhotep might also be attested in a stele from Amenhotep II's temple at Giza,[10] however the stele's name has been defaced so that positive identification is impossible. Born to Ahmose I and his wife, Ahmose Nefertari, Amenhotep, which means “Amun is satisfied”, was the youngest of three sons and was not expected to inherit the throne. He claims to have been able to shoot an arrow through a copper target one palm thick, and that he was able to row his ship faster and farther than two hundred members of the navy could row theirs. For Egypt, it was able to begin extracting significant amounts of resources from Syria and Palestine and it was also now able to access Mediterranean trade routes with the Aegean. Most buildings were built from mud bricks and stone and were decorated with paintings, carved stone images, and hieroglyphs. Enjoy your tour to Abu Simbel Temple, and explore the most great monument of King Ramses II. He died at the age of 50. The Temple of Karnak is the largest and one of the most visited temples of Ancient Egypt. Amenhotep II: The builder. Papyrus B.M. [39] Thutmose III had begun constructing a temple which, technically, was dedicated to Horus there, although the presence of Re-Harakhti and Amun-Re is easily observed. op. Usersatet merely served as Amenhotep's chief official in Nubia and was not a blood relative of the king. The most detailed and balanced discussion on the chronology, events, and impact of Amenhotep II's reign was published by Peter Der Manuelian, in a 1987 book on this king. It is probable that Amenhotep was deified during his own lifetime. [30] Others have suggested that such exaggerated figures may instead be simply due to compounded accounting mistakes. Temple of Philae When he assumed power, Amenhotep II was 18 years old according to an inscription from his great Sphinx stela: After becoming pharaoh, Amenhotep married a woman of uncertain parentage named Tiaa. This site was dedicated to housing and also official chambers. [8] As many as ten sons and one daughter have been attributed to him. Amenhotep III is entombed inside the limestone hills of the Theban Necropolis, a sprawling cemetery on the banks of the Nile River opposite modern-day Luxor, where pharaohs and their queens, priests, and royal scribes were buried between the sixteenth and eleventh centuries B.C. Amenhotep III leadership was a peaceful reign. Amenhotep’s mother-in-law, Tuya, was the mistress of his harem, and his daughter Sitamen became his great royal wife. Otherwise, Amenhotep II’s reign was largely peaceful and marked by stability. He had a mortuary temple constructed at the edge of the cultivation in the Theban Necropolis, close to where the Ramesseum was later built, but it was destroyed in ancient times. "[45] The arms are crossed low over the chest, with the right hand tightly clenched and the left less so. Statue of pharaoh Amenhotep II “of the 18th dynasty of ancient Egypt” making an offering from the Temple of Amun at Thebes. [29] These numbers however are difficult to substantiate, leading some to question the accuracy of Amenhotep's court scribes. [23] The other was taken to the often rebellious territory of Nubia and hung on the city wall of Napata, as an example of the consequence of rising against Pharaoh and to demoralise any Nubian opponents of Egyptian authority there. [46], In April 2021 his mummy was moved from the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities to the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization along with those of 17 other kings and 4 queens in an event termed the Pharaohs' Golden Parade. However, the king may have harboured his father's concern that another woman would sit on the throne. Amenhotep II adopted a large number of Canaanite gods into the Egyptian pantheon, including Resheph, Hauron, Baal, Astarte, Qetesh, and a few others.[43]. A shrine of Amenhotep's Nubian viceroy shows Amenhotep receiving tribute after a Nubian campaign, but it is not possible to date when this happened. Amenhotep I, the Second King of Egypt's 18th Dynasty. The mummy of the king was first examined, described, and photographed in January 1902 by Gaston Maspero in the company of Howard Carter, Friedrich Wilhelm von Bissing, and Pierre Lacau. Although Amenhotep married many foreign princesses, when the King of Babylon asked to marry Amenhotep's daughter, he refused. Amenhotep II was born to Thutmose III and a minor wife of the king: Merytre-Hatshepsut. [4] While a prince, he oversaw deliveries of wood sent to the dockyard of Peru-nūfe in Memphis, and was made the Setem, the high priest over Lower Egypt. It’s also one of the oldest civilizations dated returned to 3150 BC. Oxford University Press, 1964. by Jimmy Dunn. Monument Building During his time as pharaoh, Amenhotop III built many monuments to himself and the gods. [34][35] Thereafter, Amenhotep concentrated on domestic matters, with one possible exception. [40] In it, Amenhotep II reminded Usersatet of their military exploits together in Syria and proceeds to criticise the way this official conducted his office as Viceroy. Amenhotep III (Ancient Egyptian: imn-ḥtp(.w) "Amun is Satisfied"; Hellenized as Amenophis III), also known as Amenhotep the Magnificent, was the ninth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty. Located near the Nile River, it was dedicated to the god Amun and was the site where many Pharaohs were crowned. [25] His stele of victory carved after this campaign records no major battles, which has been read a number of ways. Books and movies of ancient Egypt usually include pictures of He built an extravagant mortuary temple to himself. The Nazis had built elaborate storage shelving and a conservation workshop deep within the mine, where the main chambers were more than a mile inside the … During the New Kingdom Era within Egypt, Pharaohs Tuthmosis, Amenhotep and Rameses had expanded the temple complex at Luxor and Karnak. [22] The most common solution for this, although not universally accepted, is that this was the first campaign he fought alone before the death of his father and thus before he was the sole king of Egypt, and he counted his second campaign as his first because it was the first that was his and his alone. It may be that this campaign was more similar to one of the tours of Syria which his father had fought, and he only engaged minor garrisons in battle and forced cities to swear allegiance to him–oaths immediately broken after his departure. He found the body to be 1.67 metres (5.5 ft) tall and noted a strong facial resemblance to his son, Thutmose IV. Amenhotep's short coregency with his father would then move his accession two years and four months earlier,[6] dating his accession to either 1427 BC in the low chronology,[17] or in 1454 BC in the high chronology. The civilization recognized for its complicated artwork and brilliant stone Egyptian monument. 5 FAMOUS MONUMENTS MADE FROM GRANITE Mount Rushmore in South Dakota. The ancient Egyptians were a polytheistic culture like most ancient cultures and one way that they revered and honored these deities was by worshipping them at their historical temples. "[41], Usersatet was so impressed (or fearful) of Amenhotep's message that he ordered a copy of it to be engraved on a stela "that was once [located] at the Second Cataract [in Nubia] and is now in Boston."[42]. [20] In particular, this would mean Amenhotep died when he was 52, but an X-ray analysis of his mummy has shown him to have been about 40 when he died. Pyramid building in ancient Egypt began with Djoser in the Third Dynasty (around 2650 B.C, orthodox chronology) and is most associated with the Old Kingdom. [24], In April of his seventh year, Amenhotep was faced with a major rebellion in Syria by the vassal states of Naharin and dispatched his army to the Levant to suppress it. [14] At the entrance to the temple Amenhotep built two 16 metre tall statues of himself, which are known as the Colossi of Memnon. [33] However, a second passage appears on the walls of Karnak, saying that the princes of Mitanni came to seek peace with Amenhotep, and this cannot be so easily explained away. [26] Alternatively, it appears that the two weeks when Amenhotep would have been closest to Mitanni are omitted from the stele, thus it is possible that his army was defeated on this campaign. He had a mortuary temple constructed at the edge of the cultivation in the Theban Necropolis, close to where the Ramesseum was later built, but it was destroyed in ancient times. The Quran states that the Kaaba was constructed by Abraham (Ibrahim in Arabic), and his son Ishmael (Ismaeel in Arabic), after the latter had settled in Arabia. In Nubia, Amenhotep built at Qasr Ibrim and Semna, and ordered the decoration of the Temple at Kalabsha. His mummy has the inventory number CG 61069. [33] The rising power of the Hittites eventually persuaded Mitanni to seek an ally, and there was definitely a treaty of some sort between Egypt and Mitanni by the time of Amenhotep's successor, but it may be that it was enacted after Amenhotep's campaigns, to try to prevent any more campaigns of mass deportations. 5. Ramses II had such a great legacy that at least nine later pharaohs were named after him. [19] There are alternate theories which attempt to assign him a reign of up to 35 years, which is the absolute maximum length he could have reigned. There are several ancient religious structures in the southern city of Luxor, but the most famous is Luxor Temple. Although Ramses II helped to consolidate Egyptian power, later pharaohs did not govern as well, and the Egyptian empire fell a century and a half after his death. Perhaps the most famous granite monument in the world is Mount Rushmore in South Dakota. A stela from this pharaoh's final years highlights his openly contemptuous attitude towards non-Egyptians. [11] A figure with the name Amenemhet is recorded behind a prince Amenhotep in Theban tomb 64, and assuming this Amenhotep is indeed the king's son from B.M. The document, which dates to "Year 23 IV Akhet [day] 1, the day of the festival" of Amenhotep II's accession to power, is a copy of a personal letter which the king composed himself to Usersatet, his viceroy of Kush (Nubia). They had been re-buried in Amenhotep II's tomb by the 21st Dynasty High Priest of Amun, Pinedjem II, during Siamun's reign, to protect them from tomb robbers. The name Amenhotep means "Amun is Satisfied." [23] Upon reaching Thebes all but one of the princes were mounted on the city walls. [28] According to the list of plunder from this campaign, Amenhotep claims to have taken 101,128 slaves. Apparently, Amenhotep was very young when he assumed the throne so his mother was regent until he became of age; he ruled for about 21 years. It was founded in 3200 BC by the Pharaoh Senusret I. Explore the Most Famous Egyptian Monument from Ancient Egypt. Chronicle of the Pharaohs, Thames & Hudson Ltd., 1994. p.112, Eric Cline & David O'Connor, Thutmose III: A New Biography, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 2006. p.415. https://mathstat.slu.edu/~bart/egyptianhtml/kings and Queens/amenhotepiii.htm Karnak is a temple that is quite distinct from other temples. Amenhotep was apparently insistent that he be identified with this sun god in contemporary art. Gauthier catalogued one Usersatet, the "King's son of Kush," (i.e. Amenhotep's most important son was Thutmose IV, who succeeded him; however, there is significant evidence for him having many more children. [3] She would bear Thutmose III a number of children including the future Amenhotep II. In the Delta, his father's Overseer of Works, Minmose, is attested from an inscription at Tura as overseeing construction of more temples. The length of his reign is indicated by a wine jar inscribed with the king's prenomen found in Amenhotep II's funerary temple at Thebes; it is dated to this king's highest known date—his Year 26—and lists the name of the pharaoh's vintner, Panehsy. 3. He is sometimes called Amenhotep the Magnificent. However, most of the work on Karnak was done by the pharaohs of the New Kingdom (1570-1100 BC). [41] Amenhotep writes: Copy of the order which His Majesty wrote himself, with his own hand, to the viceroy Usersatet. [38] However, his most famous Nubian temple was at Amada. Amenhotep III’s Mortuary Temple is considered the largest of its kind ever constructed, and it was dedicated to the god Amen despite its purpose being to hold the funeral service for the Pharaoh’s spirit. For Mitanni, relaxing military conflict with Egypt to its south allowed it to focus more on the rising powers of the Hittites and the Assyrians to its north. He was the ninth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty. [44] The Australian anatomist Grafton Elliot Smith examined Amenhotep's mummy in 1907. Historical Egypt is one of the greatest civilizations recognized as human beings in the global. Amenhotep III was Thutmose's son by a minor wife, Mutemwiya. Two graffiti from Sahel mention a king's son and stable master named Khaemwaset, but specifically which king is his father is unknown. The most famous tomb from the Valley of the Kings is that of the boy king Tutankhamun, found intact by British archeologist Howard Carter in 1922. He was not, however, the firstborn son of this pharaoh; his elder brother Amenemhat, the son of the great king's chief wife Satiah, was originally the intended heir to the throne since Amenemhat was designated the 'king's eldest son" and overseer of the cattle of Amun in Year 24 of Thutmose's reign. Around 30 different pharaohs had a hand in the construction of the temple. [4] Amenhotep has left several inscriptions touting his athletic skills while he was a leader of the army before his crowning. After the death of Amenhotep I and his mother Ahm… Managing to keep the throne for a long 39 years, Amenhotep III died of an unknown disease. Karnak, despite not receiving the attention given it by his father, also was not totally neglected. [23] After the campaign, the king ordered the bodies of the seven princes to be hung upside down on the prow of his ship. During this examination the linen still adhering to the face was removed for an unobstructed view. [4] In upper Egypt, small shrines are attested at Medamud, el-Tod, and Armant. The most famous examples are the Only the famous tomb of Tutankhamun was spared from the worst of the tomb depredations. Abu Simbel. [45] His cause of death is unknown. Unusually, the skin all over the body is covered with small tubercles though Smith could not say if they were the result of the embalming process or disease. Smith estimated he was forty to fifty at death based on his worn teeth and greying hair. Guarding the Pharaoh’s tombs is the Great Sphinx of Giza, a mythical creature from Greek m… The Egyptian kings ruled the civilization for a long era thus creating and many monuments in the world which are surviving even today. Look, this order of the king is brought to you...who are in faraway Nubia, a hero who brought booty from all foreign countries, a charioteer...you (are) master of a wife from Babylon and a maidservant from Byblos, a young girl from Alalakh and an old woman from Arapkha. [27] Amenhotep's last campaign took place in his ninth year, however it apparently did not proceed farther north than the Sea of Galilee. The ancient monument began as a traditional, flat-roofed mastaba but by the end of Djoser’s reign it had risen to a six stepped layer Pyramid and stood 204 feet (62 meters) high. Resin on the body preserved the impressions of jewellery; several rows of a beaded collar were present on the upper back, and a diamond-shaped geometric pattern seen on the back of the hips. This temple became one of the grandest and most famous temples in Egypt. However, both of his elder brothers died subsequent to the 17th year of Ahmose's reign, so Amenhotep assumed the throne upon his father's death. It was constructed during the 27th century BC for the burial of Pharaoh Djoser by his Vizier Imhotep. Below we have a look at the top ten most famous Ancient Egyptian Monuments, Famous Ancient Egyptian Monuments 1. One of Amenhotep, Son of Hapu’s most famous architectural creations was Pharaoh Amenhotep III's mortuary temple in Thebes, near modern Luxor. It took millennia to build and enhance the massive Karnak Temple. His consort was Tiaa, who was barred from any prestige until Amenhotep's son, Thutmose IV, came into power. [11] The same statue with the name Webensenu on it is also inscribed with the name of prince Nedjem, who is otherwise unattested. There are more surviving statues (around 250) of Amenhotep III than any other Pharaoh. Marc van der Mieroop, A History of Ancient Egypt, 2021, p 159, Amanda Podany, Brotherhood of Kings How International Relations Shaped the Ancient Near East, Oxford 2010, p 163-91. Amenhotep II was interred in his KV35 tomb in the Valley of the Kings; his mummy was found there within his original sarcophagus when the tomb was discovered in March 1898 by Victor Loret. It was later flooded by the Nile River and much of it is in ruins today. The different art and architecture depicted by the civilization is a base for many different cultures in the world. The most detailed and balanced discussion on the chronology, events, and impact of Amenhotep II's reign was published by Peter Der Manuelian, in a 1987 book on this king. [18] Mortuary temples were generally not stocked until the king died or was near death; therefore, Amenhotep could not have lived much later beyond his 26th year. The son of Ahmose and Queen Ahmose Nefretiri, Amenhotep I was the second king of the 18th Dynasty.He may have ascended to the throne at a relatively young age, for an elder brother had been designated as … Perhaps his most famous construction was the Temple of Luxor in Thebes. [2] However, between Years 24 and 35 of Thutmose III, both queen Satiah and prince Amenemhat died, which prompted the pharaoh to marry the non-royal Merytre-Hatshepsut. Granite is the most widespread rock on the earth’s crust, and thus it has been used by civilisations around the world to build long-lasting monuments, structures, and buildings. Gardiner, Alan. [37] He commissioned a column to stand in the courtyard between the fourth and fifth pylons commemorating the reception of tribute from Mitanni. His greatest and most famous structure was the Temple of Amun (modern day Luxor), which is known by its ruins and remains a popular tourist attraction today. One of most famous structures of Karnak is the Hypostyle Hall, a hall area of 5,000 m2 (50,000 sq ft) with 134 massive columns arranged in 16 rows. Another message for the viceroy: Do not trust the Nubians, but beware of their people and their witchcraft. When Amenhotep III (reigned c1390 - 1352 BC) became Pharaoh in 1390 BC, Egypt had become the richest and most powerful nation on earth through war and conquest. Analyses of the remains of Ramses the Great has revealed that he probably had red hair. The Life of King Amenhotep III. [4], Amenhotep acceded to the throne on the first day of the fourth month of Akhet, but his father died on the thirtieth day of the third month of Peret. cit., p. 203. [12] Another Giza stele, stele C, records the name of a Prince Amenemopet, whose name is otherwise unattested. [17], Amenhotep's first campaign took place in his third regnal year. [33] Whenever formal peace was enacted, an informal peace was maintained between Amenhotep and the king of Mitanni. Now, these people from Tekshi (Syria) are worthless--what are they good for? Temple of Hatshepsut is a mortuary temple in Upper Egypt. His Majesty was in the [royal] Residence...he spent a holiday sitting and drinking. In this chronology, he reigned from 1454 to 1419. It had scriptures and writings describing the history of Egypt. The young Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun, or King Tut, is one of the most famous Egyptian rulers. [10] In addition to sons, Amenhotep II may have had a daughter named Iaret, but she could have also been the daughter of Thutmose IV.[11]. Amenhotep probably came to power while he was still young himself, and his mother, Ahmose-Nefertari, appears to have been regent for him for at least a short time. Temple of Hatshepsut. So, do not listen to their words and do not heed their messages! Amenhotep II was born and raised in Memphis in the north, instead of in Thebes, the traditional capital. 10056, Aakheperure would also have been Amenhotep II's son. Although the Sphinx and the Pyramids of Giza are in the same complex, making Giza one of the most popular places to visit in Egypt, they are different icons and deserve to be listed as individual Egyptian landmarks. Destruction of Hatshepsut 's images began during the 27th century BC for the burial of pharaoh by... 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